To a Skylark

This well-loved poem is a wonderful example of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s writing. It uses numerous memorable images and a skillful collection of literary devices, especially when it comes to figurative language. It is also important to make a note of the speaker in “To a Skylark.” As has been revealed in poems such as “Ode to the West Wind,” this piece is based on an actual experience the poet, Percy Bysshe Shelley, had. Therefore, the poet himself will be considered as the speaker of the poem. 

To a Skylark
Percy Bysshe Shelley

Hail to thee, blithe Spirit!Bird thou never wert,That from Heaven, or near it,Pourest thy full heartIn profuse strains of unpremeditated art.

Higher still and higherFrom the earth thou springestLike a cloud of fire;The blue deep thou wingest,And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.

In the golden lightningOf the sunken sun,O'er which clouds are bright'ning,Thou dost float and run;Like an unbodied joy whose race is just begun.

The pale purple evenMelts around thy flight;Like a star of Heaven,In the broad day-lightThou art unseen, but yet I hear thy shrill delight,

Keen as are the arrowsOf that silver sphere,Whose intense lamp narrowsIn the white dawn clearUntil we hardly see, we feel that it is there.

All the earth and airWith thy voice is loud,As, when night is bare,From one lonely cloudThe moon rains out her beams, and Heaven is overflow'd.

What thou art we know not;What is most like thee?From rainbow clouds there flow notDrops so bright to seeAs from thy presence showers a rain of melody.

Like a Poet hiddenIn the light of thought,Singing hymns unbidden,Till the world is wroughtTo sympathy with hopes and fears it heeded not:

Like a high-born maidenIn a palace-tower,Soothing her love-ladenSoul in secret hourWith music sweet as love, which overflows her bower:

Like a glow-worm goldenIn a dell of dew,Scattering unbeholdenIts aëreal hueAmong the flowers and grass, which screen it from the view:

Like a rose embower'dIn its own green leaves,By warm winds deflower'd,Till the scent it givesMakes faint with too much sweet those heavy-winged thieves:

Sound of vernal showersOn the twinkling grass,Rain-awaken'd flowers,All that ever wasJoyous, and clear, and fresh, thy music doth surpass.

Teach us, Sprite or Bird,What sweet thoughts are thine:I have never heardPraise of love or wineThat panted forth a flood of rapture so divine.

Chorus Hymeneal,Or triumphal chant,Match'd with thine would be allBut an empty vaunt,A thing wherein we feel there is some hidden want.

What objects are the fountainsOf thy happy strain?What fields, or waves, or mountains?What shapes of sky or plain?What love of thine own kind? what ignorance of pain?

With thy clear keen joyanceLanguor cannot be:Shadow of annoyanceNever came near thee:Thou lovest: but ne'er knew love's sad satiety.

Waking or asleep,Thou of death must deemThings more true and deepThan we mortals dream,Or how could thy notes flow in such a crystal stream?

We look before and after,And pine for what is not:Our sincerest laughterWith some pain is fraught;Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought.

Yet if we could scornHate, and pride, and fear;If we were things bornNot to shed a tear,I know not how thy joy we ever should come near.

Better than all measuresOf delightful sound,Better than all treasuresThat in books are found,Thy skill to poet were, thou scorner of the ground!

Teach me half the gladnessThat thy brain must know,Such harmonious madnessFrom my lips would flowThe world should listen then, as I am listening now.

Summary

‘To a Skylark’ by Percy Bysshe Shelley is an ode to the “blithe” essence of a singing skylark and how human beings are unable to ever reach that same bliss.

The poem begins with the speaker spotting a skylark flying above him. He can hear the song clearly. The bird’s song “unpremeditated” is unplanned and beautiful. Shelley is stunned by the music produced by the bird and entranced by its movement as it flies into the clouds and out of sight. Although he can no longer see it, he is still able to hear it and feel its presence. The bird represents the pure, unbridled happiness that Shelley is desperately seeking. This desperation comes through in the next stanzas. 

The poet then embarks on a number of metaphors through which he is hoping to better understand what the bird is and what he can accurately compare it to. He sees the bird as a “high-born maiden” that serenades her lover below her and spring, or “vernal,” showers that rain on the flowers below. The skylark is like “rainbow clouds” and the epitome of all “Joyous” things. 

The next section of the ode is used to ask the skylark to reveal what inspires it to sing such a glorious song. Is it, the poet asks, “fields, or waves, or mountains?” Could it be, he speculates, “shapes of sky or plain?” Whatever it may be, Shelley has never seen anything that could force such sounds from his own voice. 

He states that for a creature to have the ability to sing in such a way, it must know nothing of sorrow or “annoyance.” The bird must have the ability to see beyond life, understand death, and feel no concern about it. This is why humans may never reach the same state of happiness that the skylark exists within. “We” pine for things that we do not have, and even our “sweetest songs” are full of the “saddest thought[s].” 

‘To a Skylark‘ concludes with the poet pleading with the bird to “Teach [him] half the gladness / That thy brain must know.” Even that small amount would provide Shelley with the ability to produce “harmonious madness” that would force the world to listen to him must as raptly as he is listening to the skylark now. 

Themes

Throughout ‘To a Skylark,’ Shelley engages with themes of nature and the human spirit. The lines of this piece tap into both of these themes as the speaker explores the beauty of the skylark and its surrounding habitat. They are enlivened by its sound and the way it changes their experience of the natural world. The poem is a clear celebration of nature and the way it makes human beings feel.

Structure and Form

‘To a Skylark‘ by Percy Bysshe Shelley is a twenty-one-stanza ode that is consistent in its rhyme scheme from the very first to the last stanza. The piece rhymes ABABB, with varying end sounds, from beginning to end.

This strictly formatted pattern is also consistent in the meter. The first four lines of each stanza are written in trochaic trimeter, meaning that a stressed syllable comes before an unstressed (trochaic). Additionally, each of the first four lines has three of these beats (trimeter). Different from the other four but consistent with the rest of the poem, the fifth longer line of each stanza is written in iambic hexameter. This means that each line has six beats of unstressed syllables preceding stressed.

Literary Devices

Throughout ‘To a Skylark,’ Shelley makes use of several literary devices. These include but are not limited to:

• Imagery: can be seen when the poet makes use of particularly interesting descriptions. For example, “Like a cloud of fire; / The blue deep thou wingest.”
• Apostrophe: occurs when the poet’s speaker addresses something or someone who either can’t hear them or can’t respond to them. In this case, the speaker addresses the skylark calling it a “blithe Spirit.”
• Alliteration: can be seen when the poet repeats the same consonant sounds at the beginning of multiple words. For example, “Heaven” and “heart” in stanza one and “still” and “springest” in stanza two.

Detailed Analysis

First Stanza

Hail to thee, blithe Spirit! 

Bird thou never wert, 

That from Heaven, or near it, 

Pourest thy full heart 

In profuse strains of unpremeditated art. 

“To a Skylark” begins with the speaker, Percy Bysshe Shelley (as was detailed in the introduction), pointing out a skylark in the sky. He calls out to the bird, not in greeting, but in reverence, “Hail to thee.” 

He is amazed at the sight, and as the reader will later discover, the song of the bird. He refers to the bird as “blithe Spirit,” meaning happiness or joy. More details will follow, but Shelley sees this bird as the epitome of joy. It is less a bird and more an essence, a “Spirit.”

It is the best of all birds. It appears so beautiful to Shelley at that moment that he claims it has come from “Heaven,” or at least from somewhere “near it.” 

The bird is swooping in the sky and “Pour[ing]” from its “heart,” a song that is described as “profuse,” or abundant, and full of “unpremeditated art.” It is an artful song that is not planned or scripted and is, therefore, all the more beautiful. 

Second Stanza 

Higher still and higher 

From the earth thou springest 

Like a cloud of fire; 

The blue deep thou wingest, 

And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest. 

In the second stanza of ‘To a Skylark,’ Shelley makes some additional observations. The bird is not stopping its ascent. It is flying “Higher still” as if it has sprung up from the earth. He compares the skylark to “a cloud of fire.” It is powerful and unstoppable. Perhaps the bird is returning to the “Heaven” from where it first came.

Even though the bird is still ascending, it also keeps up its song. It does the two simultaneously. It “still dost soar,  and soaring ever singest.” 

Third Stanza

In the golden lightning 

Of the sunken sun, 

O’er which clouds are bright’ning, 

Thou dost float and run; 

Like an unbodied joy whose race is just begun. 

The bird is ascending up towards the “golden lightening” of the sun. The sun is “sunken” or low on the horizon, a most likely setting for the day, giving the scene a greater ambiance as sunrise and sunset have always been seen as magical times. 

It flies up over the clouds that are closest to the sun. It is as if the bird is “float[ing] and run[ing].” Behind the skylark is the power of “unbodied joy” that does not run out of energy. It’s “race is just begun.”

Fourth Stanza

The pale purple even 

Melts around thy flight; 

Like a star of Heaven, 

In the broad day-light 

Thou art unseen, but yet I hear thy shrill delight, 

At this point in ‘To a Skylark,’ the bird becomes obscured in the “pale purple” sky. The sun is truly going down, and the light in the sky is changing. It seems to “Melt” around the skylark as it flies. 

Shelley compares this scene to one that the reader might come across during the day. As one casts their eyes to the sky during the day, it is impossible to see stars, “but yet” one knows they are there. This same thing stands true for Shelley, who senses the bird’s presence but can no longer see it. It is as if the bird has become “a star of Heaven,” or perhaps it already was. 

Fifth Stanza

Keen as are the arrows 

Of that silver sphere, 

Whose intense lamp narrows 

In the white dawn clear 

Until we hardly see, we feel that it is there. 

In the fifth stanza, Shelley makes a comparison between the bird and the moon. He is directly relating happiness and joy to the beauty of the natural world, a theme that Shelley was not unfamiliar with. 

The bird is as “Keen” as the “arrows” of light that emanate from the “silver sphere” that is the moon. At night the moon is “intense[ly] bright,” but during the day, once “white dawn clear[s],” it is very hard to see. It eventually disappears, but we still know and “feel that it is there.” 

Sixth Stanza 

All the earth and air 

With thy voice is loud, 

As, when night is bare, 

From one lonely cloud 

The moon rains out her beams, and Heaven is overflow’d. 

The poet expands on this idea in the sixth stanza: The entire atmosphere of the earth, all the one can see and cannot see, depending on the time of day, is made greater when the bird’s voice is there. The bird is like the rays of the moon that rain down from Heaven. 

Seventh Stanza 

What thou art we know not; 

What is most like thee? 

From rainbow clouds there flow not 

Drops so bright to see 

As from thy presence showers a rain of melody. 

It is at this point that the poet will once more return to the idea that the bird is more than just a creature. It is representing something greater. It is the essence of happiness and all that is needed to live a joyful life. 

The speaker begins by stating that he does not know exactly what the skylark is, only what he can think to compare it to. He names off a number of things that he could compare the bird to. The first is “rainbow clouds,” which sound pristinely beautiful, but the poet quickly dismisses them, as the “Drops” they rain are nothing compared to the “melody” that “showers” from the skylark’s presence. 

Eighth Stanza

Like a Poet hidden 

In the light of thought, 

Singing hymns unbidden, 

Till the world is wrought 

To sympathy with hopes and fears it heeded not: 

The next couple of stanzas continue on this theme as Shelley tries to figure out how exactly to describe the bird. 

It is, he states, like a poetic impulse that cannot be restrained. It is “singing hymns unbidden that have unintended, but wonderful, consequences. The song of the bird forces sympathy to surface in the minds of those that have not in the past heeded the “hopes and fears” of others. It is actively and morally improving those who hear its song. 

Ninth Stanza

Like a high-born maiden 

In a palace-tower, 

Soothing her love-laden 

Soul in secret hour 

With music sweet as love, which overflows her bower: 

Stanza nine of ‘To a Skylark‘ provides the reader with another comparison. The skylark is said to be like a “high-born maiden” that is locked away in a “palace-tower.” From there, way above her lover, as the bird is above the poet, she is able to secretly “Sooth,” his “soul.” Her words, just like the bird’s music, are “sweet as love,” and in the case of the maiden, it “overflows her bower,” or bedroom. 

Tenth Stanza

Like a glow-worm golden 

In a dell of dew, 

Scattering unbeholden 

Its aerial hue 

Among the flowers and grass, which screen it from the view: 

Shelley still has a couple more comparisons to share. He sees the bird as a “glow-worm” that is emanating “golden” light in a “dell,” or small valley in the woods, amongst the “dew.” This small moment of beauty is as delicate and important as the moment in which Shelley is living. These natural comparisons are those that bring Shelley the closest to relaying the emotion he felt while hearing and briefly seeing the skylark.

The bird is “Scattering.” It’s a “hue” or happiness from the sky. It is “unbeholden” to anyone or anything. Its mind and actions are it’s own. Its joy is raining down “Among the flowers and grass,” its essence is becoming a part of everything, not seen, but felt. 

Eleventh Stanza

Like a rose embower’d 

In its own green leaves, 

By warm winds deflower’d, 

Till the scent it gives 

Makes faint with too much sweet those heavy-winged thieves: 

In the eleventh stanza, the speaker presents one final comparison. The sounds, the feeling, and the look of the bird remind Shelley of a “rose” that is protected, or “embower’d” but its own leaves. 

The protection does not last forever, and “warm winds” can blow off all of its flowers and spread its scent within the breeze. Quickly the “sweet” of the petals are too much even for the winds, “those heavy-winged thieves.”

Twelfth Stanza

Sound of vernal showers 

On the twinkling grass, 

Rain-awaken’d flowers, 

All that ever was 

Joyous, and clear, and fresh, thy music doth surpass. 

The speaker’s metaphor extends into the twelfth stanza. The sound of the bird’s song is beyond everything. It “surpass[es]” everything that ever was before considered “Joyous, and clear, and fresh.” It is better than the “Sound of vernal,” or spring, “showers” landing on the “twinkling grass” and the beauty of the flowers that rain will have “awaken’d.” 

Thirteenth Stanza 

Teach us, Sprite or Bird, 

What sweet thoughts are thine: 

I have never heard 

Praise of love or wine 

That panted forth a flood of rapture so divine. 

This is a turning point in ‘To a Skylark‘ where the speaker, having exhausted his metaphors, turns back to the skylark and addresses it. 

He is hoping that the “Bird,” or perhaps it is more apt to call it a “Sprite” as it embodies an emotion, what thoughts it is thinking. As a poet, he is trying to relate to this flood of art and has in his life never seen anything that can inspire such beauty. Not “Praise of love or wine.”

Fourteenth Stanza 

Chorus Hymeneal, 

Or triumphal chant, 

Match’d with thine would be all 

But an empty vaunt, 

A thing wherein we feel there is some hidden want. 

The song of the bird  is described as being like a hymn sung by a chorus as well as like a “triumphal chant.” It is suited to all occasions and all contingencies of human life. It can equally outmatch religious or war-time subject matter and inspiration. 

Anything that would even attempt to compete with the bird would be “an empty vaunt” or a baseless boast. Other songs would clearly be missing something, an element that is impossible to name but clearly not there. 

Fifteenth Stanza

What objects are the fountains 

Of thy happy strain? 

What fields, or waves, or mountains? 

What shapes of sky or plain? 

What love of thine own kind? what ignorance of pain? 

Once more, the speaker probes the bird’s mind. “What,” he asks, are you thinking about? “What objects” or visions does your beautiful song come from?

He is determined in his questions, willing the bird with all his might to answer. He believes that just around the corner, with just a few words from the bird, he will have the answer to one of life’s greatest questions. How to find happiness. 

He poses a number of options, is your song inspired by “fields, or waves or mountains?” Or perhaps it is given its form by the “shapes of sky or plain,” meaning fields. 

He continues questioning. Does your son come from “love of thine own kind?” A love that the skylark has found amongst its own species or just a life blessed without pain. 

Sixteenth Stanza 

With thy clear keen joyance 

Languor cannot be: 

Shadow of annoyance 

Never came near thee: 

Thou lovest: but ne’er knew love’s sad satiety. 

The speaker does not believe that someone who has ever felt pain, the “Shadow of annoyance,” or “Languor,” could produce this song of “keen joyance.” In fact, these elements of life can’t have even come close to touching the skylark. He knows, somehow, that the bird has experienced the wonders of love without “love’s sad satiety” or disappointing conclusions. 

Seventeenth Stanza 

Waking or asleep, 

Thou of death must deem 

Things more true and deep 

Than we mortals dream, 

Or how could thy notes flow in such a crystal stream? 

From the notes of the bird’s song, Shelley continues to make guesses about its interior life. He believes that for the bird to be able to produce such a pure sound, it must understand much more about life and death than “we mortals dream.” This knowledge must be given from beyond, and therefore, the beyond is where the sounds must come. 

Eighteenth Stanza

We look before and after, 

And pine for what is not: 

Our sincerest laughter 

With some pain is fraught; 

Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought. 

‘To a Skylark‘ is in its conclusion, and the speaker, Percy Bysshe Shelley, continues to make sweeping claims about the nature of the skylark. He compares, in this stanza, the way that humans view death to the way that the skylark must. 

“We” are only able to view death as “before and after” while “pin[ing]” for what we don’t have. We are incapable of enjoying anything without remembering our own pain. This is clearest through our “sweetest songs,” which are not as pure as the skylark’s unbridled happiness. 

Nineteenth Stanza 

Yet if we could scorn 

Hate, and pride, and fear; 

If we were things born 

Not to shed a tear, 

I know not how thy joy we ever should come near. 

The poet continues on, stating that even if the human race was able to shake off their “Hate, and pride and fear” and all the very human things with which we are born, even if we are able to find a state of being in which we “shed” not a “tear,” still, we would not know the joy that the skylark does. We would not be able to “come near.”

Twentieth Stanza

Better than all measures 

Of delightful sound, 

Better than all treasures 

That in books are found, 

Thy skill to poet were, thou scorner of the ground! 

In the final two stanzas of ‘To a Skylark,’ the poet makes one final plea to the skylark. 

He begins by saying that the ability to sing and experience happiness as the skylark does is worth more to him than all “treasures / That in books are found.” It is better “than all measures” of other “delightful sounds.” 

Twenty-First Stanza

Teach me half the gladness 

That thy brain must know, 

Such harmonious madness 

From my lips would flow 

The world should listen then, as I am listening now. 

He asks the skylark to please, “Teach me half the gladness / That thy brain must know.” If Shelley could even know a portion of the bird’s pleasure, he believes that from “my lips,” a “harmonious madness” would flow. He would be overcome with his own new abilities. His joyful sound would force the world to listen to him as intently as he is now listening to the skylark.

All in all, ‘To a Skylark‘ is about a man’s search for happiness. At points, he seems on the verge of desperation, hoping beyond hope that this small bird will answer his biggest question. This poem is notably relatable for this reason. Who has not wanted in their bleakest moments a quick fix, an instant reprieve, or away into perpetual joy? 

About Percy Bysshe Shelley 

Percy Bysshe Shelley was born in 1792 in Broadbridge Heath, England. He was raised in the countryside and was educated at University College Oxford. While in school, Shelley was well known for his liberal views and was once chastised for writing a pamphlet titled, The Necessity of Atheism. His parents were severely disappointed in him and demanded that he forsake all of his beliefs. Soon after this, he eloped with a 16-year-old woman, Harriet Westbrook, whom he soon tired. It was at this time that Shelley began writing his long-form poetry, for which he is best known. 

Shelley had two children with Harriet, but before their second was born, he left her for the future author of Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, Mary Godwin. Mary became pregnant with her and Shelley’s first child soon after, and Harriet sued Shelley for divorce. Soon after this, Mary and Percy met Lord Byron or George Gordon. It was through one of their meetings that Mary was inspired to write Frankenstein. 

In 1816 Shelley’s first wife Harriet committed suicide, and Mary and Percy were officially wed. During their time together, Mary Shelley’s only child to live into adulthood was Percy Florence. In early 1818 he and his wife left England and Shelley produced the majority of his most well-known works including, Prometheus Unbound. In 1822, not long before he was meant to turn 30, Shelley was drowned in a storm while sailing in his schooner on the way to La Spezia, Italy. Mary was only 24 at the time and would live to the age of 53, dying of brain cancer in London in 1851. 

FAQs

Similar Poetry

Readers who enjoyed ‘To a Skylark’ should also consider reading other Percy Bysshe Shelley poems. For example:

• ‘Ozymandius‘ – an important piece that features how a great ruler like Ozymandias and his legacy was buried in the pages of history.
• ‘England 1819‘ – contains a description of England in 1819 through the poet’s liberal lens.
• ‘A Lament‘ – gives expression to a feeling of deep melancholy. Addressing the world, life, and time, the poet asks when the glory of their prime will return.