To An Old Lady

‘To An Old Lady‘ by William Empson is a poignant and introspective poem that reflects on the passage of time and the complexities of aging. Through vivid imagery and metaphorical language, Empson explores themes of resilience, unattainability, and the enigmatic nature of human connections.

The poem delves into the fading significance of time, the impermanence of human achievements, and the introspective musings of an elderly woman. With its thought-provoking themes and skillful use of language, the poem offers a profound reflection on the human experience and the universal nature of aging.

Summary

The poem ‘To An Old Lady‘ by William Empson reflects on the concept of aging and the insignificance of human existence in the grand scheme of the universe.

The speaker addresses an elderly woman, emphasizing the importance of recognizing her worth and not dismissing her as useless.

The first stanza highlights the idea that aging is a natural process, symbolized by the phrase “ripeness is all.” The woman is compared to a planet cooling down, and the speaker urges others not to consider her as wasted or unimportant. The gods, who represent timeless entities, are also subject to cooling and fading away.

In the second stanza, the speaker suggests that the Earth, unlike other celestial bodies, has no divine name or purpose. Consequently, there is no divine intervention to assist or save it. The arrival of outsiders, represented by the image of breaking a palace, disrupts the natural order and appears strange. Just as bees sting to protect their hive, the woman’s defenders may react defensively to preserve her dignity.

The third stanza advises the reader to observe the woman’s life through a telescope, metaphorically examining the landscape of her existence. The temples, symbolizing her former glory and accomplishments, are now emptying and crumbling in the sand, signifying the passage of time and the decline of her influence. Her social standing and wit, once important in running a household and playing Bridge, have now diminished, along with her ability to dismiss her maids with tragic fervor.

The fourth stanza highlights the woman’s fears of losing her position and influence. She reads a compass, metaphorically representing her certainty about her own identity and purpose. She is confident and feels no limitations within her own sphere of existence, even though her control over certain aspects of life, represented by failing crops, is diminishing.

In the final stanza, the speaker reflects on the vastness of the universe and the emotional distance between individuals. The stars, far away and filling the night, symbolize the vastness of the world beyond our reach. The woman, despite sharing the same sun, remains inaccessible, as if hidden from sight. Only in darkness is she visible, suggesting that her true essence is obscured and can only be revealed in moments of vulnerability and obscurity.

Structure and Form 

The poem ‘To An Old Lady‘ by William Empson is structured in a quatrain form, consisting of six stanzas, each containing four lines. The consistent use of this structure contributes to the poem’s organized and balanced appearance. The regularity of the quatrain form allows for a clear progression of thoughts and ideas.

Regarding the rhyme scheme, the poem strictly adheres to the ABAB rhyme scheme throughout each quatrain. This means that the first and third lines of each stanza rhyme with each other, while the second and fourth lines also rhyme with each other. The consistent adherence to this rhyme scheme creates a sense of balance and symmetry within the poem.

Additionally, the poem’s structure allows for a clear and systematic development of ideas. The use of quatrains provides a natural progression from one stanza to the next, facilitating the flow of thoughts and enhancing the overall coherence of the poem. The four-line structure also allows for concise and focused expressions of the speaker’s contemplations.

By employing the ABAB rhyme scheme, Empson establishes a sense of musicality and harmony within the poem. The consistent and intentional use of rhyme contributes to the aesthetic appeal and rhythmic quality of the verses. It creates a pleasing and melodic effect when read aloud, engaging the reader and emphasizing the poem’s lyrical nature.

Themes

In the poem, several themes are addressed, offering insights into aging, human insignificance, the passage of time, and the complexities of identity and perception.

One of the prominent themes explored is the concept of aging and its inherent value. The poem emphasizes the ripening process and suggests that the elderly woman should be revered rather than dismissed as wasted. The lines “Ripeness is all; her in her cooling planet” and “Revere; do not presume to think her wasted” convey the idea that aging is a natural progression and should be respected.

Another theme is the insignificance of human existence in the face of the universe. Empson highlights the fleeting nature of human life compared to the enduring gods and celestial bodies. The line “Gods cool in turn, by the sun long outlasted” implies that human beings are temporary beings in the grand scheme of things.

The passage of time is a recurrent theme in the poem. Empson uses the imagery of crumbling temples, fading social details, and failing crops to symbolize the effects of time. These elements represent the decline of influence and significance as one grows older.

Identity and perception are also explored. The poem suggests that the woman’s true essence is obscured and visible only in darkness. This notion challenges the notion of identity and how it is perceived by others. The line “And but in darkness is she visible” reflects the idea that true understanding of a person may require looking beyond surface appearances.

Poetic Techniques and Figurative Language

William Empson has employed several poetic techniques and figurative language to convey his message and enhance the reader’s understanding.

• Metaphor: One technique utilized is a metaphor. The woman’s aging process is metaphorically compared to a “cooling planet,” emphasizing the natural progression of ripening and suggesting that aging should be revered. This metaphorical comparison evokes a sense of grandeur and cosmic significance.
• Personification: Empson also employs personification. The line “Gods cool in turn, by the sun long outlasted” personifies the gods, attributing human qualities of cooling and endurance to them. This personification emphasizes the nature of human existence in comparison to the enduring gods.
• Imagery: The poet employs evocative imagery to convey his message. For example, the crumbling temples emptying in the sand depict the passage of time and the decline of the woman’s former glory. This visual imagery enhances the reader’s understanding of the effects of time on the woman’s life.
• Enjambment: This refers to a technique where a thought or phrase continues from one line to the next without a pause. The poet has used it throughout the poem. This enjambment creates a sense of fluidity and allows the ideas to flow seamlessly, contributing to the poem’s overall rhythm and coherence.
• Rhyme: Empson employs slant rhyme and partial rhyme in the poem. For instance, the partial rhyme between “planet” and “wasted” in the first stanza adds a touch of unpredictability and uniqueness to the rhyme scheme. This non-conventional use of rhyme adds complexity and depth to the poem’s musicality.

Detailed Analysis

Stanza One

Ripeness is all; her in her cooling planet
Revere; do not presume to think her wasted.
Project her no projectile, plan nor man it;
Gods cool in turn, by the sun long outlasted.

In this first stanza of ‘To An Old Lady’ by William Empson, the poet conveys a powerful message about the significance of aging and the need to respect and revere the process. Through the use of vivid imagery and thought-provoking language, Empson invites readers to reconsider their perspective on aging.

The opening line, “Ripeness is all; her in her cooling planet,” establishes the central theme of the stanza and sets the tone for the entire poem. Here, “ripeness” is a metaphor for the woman’s aging process. It suggests that just as fruits and crops ripen with time, the woman too has reached a stage of maturity that should be acknowledged and valued. The phrase “her in her cooling planet” further emphasizes the woman’s connection to the natural world, likening her to a celestial body that is gradually cooling down.

The second line, “Revere; do not presume to think her wasted,” contains a plea to the reader. Empson implores them to show reverence and respect for the woman, urging them not to dismiss or consider her as wasted or irrelevant. This line challenges societal norms and expectations that often undervalue older individuals, reminding us of the intrinsic worth and wisdom that comes with age.

The third line, “Project her no projectile, plan nor man it,” employs a series of verbs to caution against objectifying or manipulating the woman. By using the verb “project,” Empson suggests that she should not be seen as an object to be propelled or manipulated. This line encourages readers to recognize her autonomy and individuality, free from attempts to control or shape her according to external expectations.

The final line, “Gods cool in turn, by the sun long outlasted,” offers a broader perspective on the insignificance of human existence in the face of eternal forces. The comparison to gods being cooled by the sun highlights the fleeting nature of human life. It implies that just as gods eventually cool and fade away, humans are also temporary beings in the grand scheme of things.

Stanza Two

Our earth alone given no name of god
(…)
Bees sting their need, the keeper’s queen invader.

In the second stanza, the poet delves into the theme of human insignificance and the limitations of earthly existence. Through concise and impactful language, Empson conveys a thought-provoking message about the transient nature of human life and the challenges that arise when one tries to intervene or impose on another’s domain.

The stanza begins with the line, “Our earth alone given no name of god.” Here, Empson highlights the distinction between the Earth and other celestial bodies that have been assigned divine names or purposes. This line suggests that the Earth lacks a specific divine intervention or guidance, emphasizing its inherent neutrality and absence of a predetermined destiny.

The next line, “Gives, too, no hold for such a leap to aid her,” reflects the idea that the Earth offers no stable foundation or support for those who attempt to intervene or help. The use of the word “leap” implies an ambitious or audacious act, but the lack of hold or stability suggests that such efforts may be futile or even detrimental.

The following line, “Landing, you break some palace and seem odd,” portrays the consequences of intervention or intrusion. Empson utilizes vivid imagery to depict the disruption caused by an external presence. The metaphorical breaking of a palace emphasizes the destruction of established order or structure, while the phrase “seem odd” suggests that the intruder appears out of place or unfamiliar within the existing context.

Finally, the line “Bees sting their need, the keeper’s queen invader” employs a simile and metaphor to further emphasize the challenges and consequences of intrusion. The image of bees stinging their need reflects a defensive reaction to protect their hive or queen. The phrase “keeper’s queen invader” metaphorically portrays the intruder as a threat to the established hierarchy and stability within the bee colony.

Stanza Three

No, to your telescope; spy out the land;
(…)
Whose waves o’erthrew their crumbled tracery;

In the third stanza, William Empson directs the reader’s attention to observe the passage of time and the inevitable decline of human creations. Through vivid imagery and powerful language, Empson conveys a message about the impermanence of human endeavors and the transient nature of existence.

The stanza begins with the imperative statement, “No, to your telescope; spy out the land.” Here, Empson encourages the reader to shift their focus from distant observation through a telescope to the immediate surroundings and the land at hand. This line serves as a metaphorical call to pay attention to the present moment and the world around us.

The next line, “Watch while her ritual is still to see,” suggests that there is still an opportunity to witness and appreciate the rituals and customs of the past that are gradually fading away. This line emphasizes the importance of recognizing and valuing cultural traditions before they disappear completely.

The following line, “Still stand her temples emptying in the sand,” employs visual imagery to depict the decay and abandonment of once-grand structures. The image of temples emptying in the sand evokes a sense of desolation and loss, symbolizing the erosion of human creations over time. This line conveys the message that even the most magnificent achievements will eventually succumb to the relentless forces of nature.

The final line, “Whose waves o’erthrew their crumbled tracery,” employs personification and vivid language to highlight the destructive power of the waves. The waves are described as actively overthrowing the delicate and intricate details of the temples, emphasizing the relentless and unstoppable nature of time’s passage.

Stanza Four

Still stand uncalled-on her soul’s appanage;
(…)
And tragic fervour, to dismiss her maids.

This fourth stanza of the poem delves into the themes of identity, social status, and the passage of time. Through introspective language and poignant imagery, Empson explores the complexities of the woman’s life and the fading significance of certain aspects as time progresses.

The stanza begins with the line, “Still stand uncalled-on her soul’s appanage.” Here, Empson introduces the concept of the woman’s “soul’s appanage,” which refers to the various elements that define her identity and social standing. The use of the word “uncalled-on” implies that these aspects are no longer actively sought or valued by others, suggesting a waning relevance or appreciation.

The following line, “Much social detail whose successor fades,” continues the theme of the fading importance of social intricacies. Empson suggests that this old woman possesses a wealth of social details and nuances that were once highly regarded, but their successors have gradually lost their prominence or significance. This line emphasizes the transient nature of social customs and the evolving values of society.

The next line, “Wit used to run a house and to play Bridge,” highlights specific aspects of the woman’s life that have lost their former significance. The mention of wit as a means of running a household and playing Bridge suggests the woman’s intellectual capabilities and her engagement in social activities. However, these skills and pursuits have likely diminished in importance over time.

The final line, “And tragic fervour, to dismiss her maids,” touches upon the woman’s role as an employer or overseer of domestic help. The phrase “tragic fervour” conveys a sense of intensity and dedication, but it also implies a certain level of drama or emotional investment. The dismissal of her maids signifies a shift in the woman’s circumstances and perhaps a detachment from her former responsibilities.

Stanza Five

Fears her precession do not throw from gear.
(…)
Whose failing crops are in her sole control.

In the fifth stanza of ‘To An Old Lady’ by William Empson, the poet explores the theme of resilience and self-assuredness in the face of challenges. Through the use of imagery and confident language, Empson conveys a message about the woman’s ability to navigate life’s uncertainties and maintain control over her own sphere.

The stanza begins with the line, “Fears her precession do not throw from gear.” Here, Empson introduces the concept of precession, which refers to the gradual change in the orientation of an object. The phrase “do not throw from gear” implies that the woman remains steadfast and unaffected by the inevitable changes and uncertainties that life presents. This line conveys a sense of resilience and determination in the face of adversity.

The next line, “She reads a compass certain of her pole,” employs metaphorical language to emphasize the woman’s unwavering confidence. The image of reading a compass suggests her ability to navigate her path with certainty and purpose. The phrase “certain of her pole” further accentuates her unwavering sense of direction and self-assuredness.

The following line, “Confident, finds no confines on her sphere,” underscores the woman’s sense of freedom and independence. She is unencumbered by external constraints or limitations, suggesting that she has carved out her own space and identity. This line conveys a message of empowerment and autonomy.

The final line, “Whose failing crops are in her sole control,” introduces a metaphorical representation of the woman’s sphere of influence. The phrase “failing crops” symbolizes the challenges and setbacks she may face in life. However, the emphasis on “sole control” suggests that she possesses the agency and capability to manage and overcome these difficulties. This line conveys a message of self-reliance and resilience.

Stanza Six

Stars how much further from me fill my night.
(…)
And but in darkness is she visible.

In the sixth and final stanza, the poet explores the theme of unattainability and the paradoxical nature of human relationships. Through the use of vivid imagery and contrasting ideas, Empson conveys a message about the emotional distance between individuals and the enigmatic nature of human connections.

The stanza begins with the line, “Stars how much further from me fill my night.” This line evokes a sense of distance and longing, emphasizing the emotional separation between the speaker and the stars that populate the night sky. The use of the word “fill” suggests that the stars serve as a reminder of the vastness of the universe and the perceived insignificance of the individual.

The following line, “Strange that she too should be inaccessible,” introduces a sense of irony and paradox. The speaker finds it strange that despite sharing the same sun, the woman referenced in the poem remains emotionally distant and inaccessible. This line highlights the complexity of human relationships and the challenge of truly understanding and connecting with another person.

The next line, “Who shares my sun. He curtains her from sight,” employs metaphorical language to depict the woman’s emotional unavailability. The use of the word “curtains” suggests that the presence of the sun, representing a shared experience or connection, obscures the woman from the speaker’s view. This line conveys a sense of frustration and longing for a deeper connection.

The final line, “And but in darkness is she visible,” further emphasizes the paradoxical nature of the woman’s visibility. The speaker can only perceive or truly see her in moments of darkness or emotional distance. This line suggests that the woman’s true self or inner emotions are revealed when the barriers of everyday life and superficial connections are temporarily removed.

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If you enjoyed this poem by William Empson, you might like to explore the following other poems:

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• ‘A False Step’ by Elizabeth Barret Browning – explores how a woman regrets her heartless action taken during her youth.